Before the Castle: How Mixue Was Really Built, 1997–2017 (opens in new tab)
FoodBud's 12-part translated and annotated edition of Zhang Hongfu's Mixue founder-history memoir, with the source text kept separate from FoodBud analysis and notes.
Global foodservice intelligence
Data-backed intelligence on how restaurant, coffee, and tea chains grow, franchise, and expand across markets — every figure tied to a source.
FoodBud's 12-part translated and annotated edition of Zhang Hongfu's Mixue founder-history memoir, with the source text kept separate from FoodBud analysis and notes.
Darden owns and operates its restaurants, so its $13.2B in FY2026 revenue is its actual scale — the company-operated mirror image of a franchisor's system-sales gap. The clean yardstick for company-operated revenue.
Same-store sales is the most-quoted number in restaurant earnings and the most misread. A comp is a traffic effect times a price-and-mix effect — decompose it into transactions and check before you judge the business. The analyst's lens, with worked examples from Starbucks, McDonald's, and Darden.
A franchisor's system sales and its revenue are two completely different things — and the gap between them is the franchise model itself. How $139B of customer spending becomes $27B of McDonald's revenue, why Domino's ratio is higher (supply chain), and the cross-basis comparison that misleads everyone.
Five of the biggest Western restaurant brands in China — KFC/Pizza Hut, McDonald's, Starbucks, Burger King, Domino's — and not one is a wholly-owned, HQ-operated business. The discipline that keeps you from misreading all of them: the footprint belongs to the operator, the royalty belongs to HQ, and the two must never be stacked.
Sysco is buying Restaurant Depot's parent for ~$29.1B — the largest deal in its history, in the invisible distribution layer beneath every restaurant. A distributor is sized by revenue and share, not operator metrics; and the price isn't Sysco's scale.
The 2026 China F&B Hong Kong IPO wave is record-breaking and sharply split — Mixue +130%, Nayuki −94%. A caliber framework for reading it: the franchise rate decides the basis, and the subscription multiple decides nothing.
Lao Xiang Ji (老乡鸡), China's largest home-style fast-food chain, has filed for Hong Kong — its 3rd HKEX try and 5th IPO attempt in four years. A ¥6.3B chain quietly migrating from company-operated to franchised, so its scale basis is in motion.
Zaihui (再惠) filed for a Hong Kong + Singapore dual listing as China's largest restaurant marketing-and-operations platform — serving 10,000+ brands. A demand-side platform, sized by revenue (~¥449M, 9M 2025), not the merchant GMV it moves.
Chipotle franchises nothing, so its $11.9 billion FY2025 revenue is the whole system — the cleanest scale read in big quick-service, and the one with the least cover.
The Domino's brand sells $20.1 billion of pizza, but the company that owns it books just $4.94 billion — and most of that is dough, not royalties. A franchise system read on the right basis.